Product Code Database
Delta IV was a group of five expendable launch systems in the Delta rocket family. It flew 45 missions from 2002 to 2024. Originally designed by Boeing's Defense, Space and Security division for the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program, the Delta IV became a United Launch Alliance (ULA) product in 2006. The Delta IV was primarily a launch vehicle for military payloads for the United States Air Force (USAF), but was also used to launch a number of United States government non-military payloads and a single commercial satellite.
The Delta IV had two main versions, which allowed the family to cover a range of payload sizes and masses: Medium, which had four configurations, and Heavy. The final flight of a Medium configuration occurred in 2019. The final flight of Heavy was in April 2024.
Delta IV vehicles were built in the ULA facility in Decatur, Alabama. Final assembly was completed at the launch site by ULA: at the horizontal integration facility for launches from SLC-37B at Cape Canaveral in Florida and in a similar facility for launches from SLC-6 at Vandenberg in California.
During the Delta IV's development, a small variant was considered. This would have featured the Delta II second stage, an optional Thiokol Star 48B third stage, and the Delta II payload fairing, all atop a single Common Booster Core (CBC). "Delta IV Small" Astronautix.com The Small variant was dropped by 1999. Gunter's Space page - Delta IV
In 2002, the Delta IV was first launched, with the RS-68 becoming the first large liquid-propellant rocket engine designed in the United States since the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) in the 1970s.
The L3 Technologies Redundant Inertial Flight Control Assembly (RIFCA) guidance system originally used on the Delta IV was common to that carried on the Delta II, although the software was different because of the differences between the Delta II and Delta IV. The RIFCA featured six ring laser gyroscopes and six , to provide a higher degree of reliability. "L-3 Space & Navigation's RIFCA Trihex"
Boeing initially intended to market Delta IV commercial launch services. However, the Delta IV entered the space launch market when global capacity was already much higher than demand. Furthermore, as an unproven design it had difficulty finding a market in commercial launches, and Delta IV launch costs were higher than comparable vehicles of the same era. In 2003, Boeing pulled the Delta IV from the commercial market, citing low demand and high costs. In 2005, Boeing stated that it sought to return the Delta IV to commercial service. Ultimately, with the exception of the first launch, which carried the Eutelsat W5 commercial communications satellite, all Delta IV launches were paid for by the US government.
As of 2009, the USAF funded Delta IV EELV engineering, integration, and infrastructure work through contracts with Boeing Launch Services (BLS). On August 8, 2008, the USAF Space and Missile Systems Center increased the "cost plus award fee" contract with BLS for US$1.656 billion to extend the period of performance through the September 30, 2008 (Fiscal year). In addition, a US$557.1 million option was added to cover FY10.
In February 2010, naturalized citizen Dongfan Chung, an engineer working with Boeing, became the first person convicted under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996. Chung passed on classified information on designs including the Delta IV rocket to China and was sentenced to 15 years.
| Medium | 4 m | 1 | 0 | 8,800 kg | 4,540 kg | 3 | 8,510 kg | 4,440 kg | 0 |
| M+ (4,2) | 4 m | 1 | 2 | 11,920 kg | 6,270 kg | 13 | 12,000 kg | 6,390 kg | 2 |
| M+ (5,2) | 5 m | 1 | 2 | 10,580 kg | 5,430 kg | 1 | 10,220 kg | 5,490 kg | 2 |
| M+ (5,4) | 5 m | 1 | 4 | 13,450 kg | 7,430 kg | 4 | 12,820 kg | 7,300 kg | 4 |
| Heavy | 5 m | 3 | 0 | 22,980 kg | 13,400 kg | 7 | 25,980 kg | 14,220 kg | 9 |
Masses include a Payload Attach Fitting (240 kg to 1,221 kg depending on payload).
At one point, NASA planned to use Delta IV or Atlas V to launch the proposed Orbital Space Plane, which eventually became the Crew Exploration Vehicle and then the Orion. Orion was intended to fly on the Ares I launch vehicle, then the Space Launch System after Ares I was cancelled.
In 2009, The Aerospace Corporation reported on NASA results of a study to determine the feasibility of modifying Delta IV to be crew-rated for use in NASA human spaceflight missions. According to Aviation Week & Space Technology the study, "found that a Delta IV heavy ... could meet NASA's requirements for getting humans to low Earth orbit".
A proposed upgrade to the Delta IV family was the addition of extra solid motors. The Medium+ (4,4) would have used existing mount points to pair the four GEM 60s of the M+ (5,4) with the upper stage and fairing of the (4,2). An M+ (4,4) would have had a GTO payload of , a LEO payload of , and could have been available within 36 months of the first order. It was also considered to add extra GEM 60s to the M+ (5,4), which would have required adding extra attachment points, structural changes to cope with the different flight loads, and launch pad and infrastructure changes. The Medium+ (5,6) and (5,8) would have flown with six and eight SRBs respectively, for a maximum of up to to GTO with the M+ (5,8). The Medium+ (5,6) and (5,8) could have been available within 48 months of the first order.
In 2014, ULA also began development of the Vulcan Centaur to replace both the Atlas and Delta families. The Vulcan’s first stage shares design heritage with the Delta IV’s Common Booster Core and is manufactured in the same Decatur, Alabama, facility using much of the same equipment, but with a diameter about larger. It is powered by two BE-4 methane-fueled engines developed by Blue Origin. Compared with the liquid hydrogen used on the Delta IV, methane is denser and has a higher boiling point, allowing for smaller and lighter fuel tanks.
A single-core Vulcan Centaur with six SRBs delivers heavy-lift capabilities comparable to the larger and more expensive three-core Delta IV Heavy. With this configuration, the Vulcan Centaur can lift to low Earth orbit (LEO), surpassing the Atlas V's maximum of and approaching the Delta IV Heavy's capacity.
The Vulcan Centaur was originally projected to enter service in 2023, but its first launch took place on January 8, 2024. The final Delta IV Medium launch (in a M+ 4,2 configuration) occurred on August 22, 2019, carrying a GPS III-2 satellite, USA-293, and the final Delta IV Heavy launch was on April 9, 2024, with the NROL-70 mission.
The Delta IV Medium (Delta 9040) was the baseline configuration. It featured a single Common Booster Core (CBC) and a Delta Cryogenic Second Stage (DCSS), derived from the Delta III design but with enlarged propellant tanks. Because the CBC was in diameter, a tapered interstage was used to transition to the smaller second stage. The vehicle reused the Delta III payload fairing and was capable of placing into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). From Cape Canaveral, GTO is short of geostationary orbit (GEO). Performance figures exclude the mass of the payload fairing and payload attach fittings.
The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) (Delta 9240) used the same CBC and DCSS as the Medium, but added two Orbital ATK-built GEM 60 solid rocket boosters (SRBs), increasing payload capacity to GTO to .
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) (Delta 9250) retained the two GEM 60 SRBs of the Medium+ (4,2), but used a larger DCSS and a payload fairing, allowing it to accommodate larger payloads. Due to the added mass of the larger fairing and second stage, payload to GTO was reduced to .
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) (Delta 9450) used the same DCSS and payload fairing of the Medium+ (5,2), but used four GEM 60 SRBs instead of two, increasing payload capacity to GTO to .
On flights of the Medium, the RS-68 ran at 102% rated thrust for the first few minutes of flight, and then throttled down to 58% rated thrust before main engine cutoff. On the Heavy, the main CBC's engine throttles down to 58% rated thrust around 50 seconds after liftoff, while the strap-on CBCs remain at 102%. This conserves propellant and allows the main CBC to burn after booster separation. After the strap-on CBCs separate, the main CBC's engine again throttles up to 102% before throttling back down to 58% prior to main engine cutoff.
The RS-68 engine was mounted to the lower thrust structure of the CBC by a four-legged (quadrapod) thrust frame and enclosed in a protective composite conical thermal shield. Above the thrust structure was an Aluminium isogrid (a grid pattern machined out of the inside of the tank to reduce weight) liquid hydrogen tank, followed by a composite cylinder called the centerbody, an aluminum isogrid liquid oxygen tank, and a forward skirt. Along the back of the CBC was a cable tunnel to hold electrical and signal lines, and a feedline to carry the liquid oxygen to the RS-68 from the tank. The CBC was of a constant diameter.
Launch facilities at both sites were similar. A Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) was situated some distance from the pad. Delta IV CBCs and second stages to be mated and tested in the HIF before they were moved to the pad. The partial horizontal rocket assembly of the Delta IV was somewhat similar to the Soyuz launch vehicle, which is completely assembled horizontally. The , the past Saturn launch vehicles, and the Space Launch System were assembled and rolled out to the launch pad entirely vertically.
Movement of the Delta IVs among the various facilities at the pad was facilitated by rubber-tired Elevating Platform Transporters (EPTs) and various transport jigs. Diesel engine EPTs were used for moving the vehicles from the HIF to the pad, while electric EPTs were used in the HIF, where precision of movement was important. Delta IV Launch Facilities
The basic launchpad structure includes a flame trench to direct the engine plume away from the rocket, lightning protection, and propellant storage. In the case of Delta IV, the vehicle was completed on the launch pad inside a building. This Mobile Service Tower (MST) provides service access to the rocket and protection from the weather and was rolled away from the rocket on launch day. A crane at the top of the MST lifts the encapsulated payload to the vehicle and also attached the GEM 60 solid motors for Delta IV Medium launches. The MST was rolled away from the rocket several hours before launch. At Vandenberg, the launch pad also had a Mobile Assembly Shelter (MAS), which completely enclosed the vehicle; at CCAFS, the vehicle was partly exposed near its bottom.
Beside the vehicle was a Fixed Umbilical Tower (FUT), which has two (VSFB) or three (CCAFS) swing arms. These arms carry telemetry signals, electrical power, hydraulic fluid, environmental control air flow, and other support functions to the vehicle through umbilical lines. The swing arms retract at T-0 seconds once the vehicle was committed to launch.
Under the vehicle was a Launch Table, with six Tail Service Masts (TSMs), two for each CBC. The Launch Table supports the vehicle on the pad, and the TSMs provide further support and fueling functions for the CBCs. The vehicle was mounted to the Launch Table by a Launch Mate Unit (LMU), which was attached to the vehicle by bolts that sever at launch. Behind the Launch Table was a Fixed Pad Erector (FPE), which used two long-stroke hydraulic pistons to raise the vehicle to the vertical position after being rolled to the pad from the HIF. Beneath the Launch Table was a flame duct, which deflects the rocket's exhaust away from the rocket or facilities.
Various tests were performed, and then the vehicle was rolled horizontally to the pad, where the Fixed Pad Erector (FPE) was used to raise the vehicle to the vertical position. At this time, the GEM 60 solid motors, if any were required, were rolled to the pad and attached to the vehicle. After further testing, the payload (which has already been enclosed in its fairing) was transported to the pad, hoisted into the MST by a crane, and attached to the vehicle. Finally, on launch day, the MST was rolled away from the vehicle, and the vehicle was then ready for launch.
Heavy Demo was the first launch of the Delta IV Heavy in December 2004 after significant delays due to bad weather. Due to cavitation in the propellant lines, sensors on all three CBCs registered depletion of propellant. The strap-on CBCs and then core CBC engines shut down prematurely, even though sufficient propellant remained to continue the burn as scheduled. The second stage attempted to compensate for the shutdown and burned until it ran out of propellant. This flight was a test launch carrying a payload of:
NROL-22 was the first Delta IV launched from SLC-6 at Vandenberg Space Force Base (VSFB). It was launched aboard a Medium+ (4,2) in June 2006 carrying a classified satellite for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO).
DSP-23 was the first launch of a valuable payload aboard a Delta IV Heavy. This was also the first Delta IV launch contracted by the United Launch Alliance, a joint venture between Boeing and Lockheed Martin. The main payload was the 23rd and final Defense Support Program missile-warning satellite, DSP-23. Launch from Cape Canaveral occurred on November 10, 2007.
NROL-26 was the first Delta IV Heavy EELV launch for the NRO. USA 202, a classified reconnaissance satellite, lifted off January 18, 2009.
NROL-32 was a Delta IV Heavy launch, carrying a satellite for NRO. The payload is speculated to be the largest satellite sent into space. After a delay from October 19, 2010, the rocket lifted off on November 21, 2010.
NROL-49 lifted off from Vandenberg AFB on January 20, 2011. It was the first Delta IV Heavy mission to be launched out of Vandenberg. This mission was for the NRO and its details are classified.
On October 4, 2012, a Delta IV M+ (4,2) experienced an anomaly in the upper stage's RL10B-2 engine which resulted in lower than expected thrust. While the vehicle had sufficient fuel margins to successfully place the payload, a GPS Block IIF satellite USA-239, into its targeted orbit, investigation into the glitch delayed subsequent Delta IV launches and the next Atlas V launch (AV-034) due to commonality between the engines used on both vehicles' upper stages. By December 2012, ULA had determined the cause of the anomaly to be a fuel leak (into the combustion chamber Investigation finds Delta 4 rocket engine issue December 2012), and Delta IV launches resumed in May 2013. After two more successful launches, further investigation led to the delay of Delta flight 365 with the GPS IIF-5 satellite. Originally scheduled to launch in October 2013, the vehicle lifted off on February 21, 2014.
A Delta IV Heavy launched the Orion spacecraft on an uncrewed test flight, EFT-1, on December 5, 2014. The launch was originally planned for December 4, 2014, but high winds and valve issues caused the launch to be rescheduled for December 5, 2014. "Delta IV issues, Winds Scrub Orion's Exploration Flight Test-1 Debut". Aviation Week, December 4, 2014
On August 12, 2018, another Delta IV Heavy launched the Parker Solar Probe on a mission to explore or "touch" the outer corona of the Sun.
The second GPS Block III satellite was launched with the final Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) configuration rocket on August 22, 2019.
The final flight from Vandenberg of the Delta IV Heavy launched the NROL-91 mission in September 2022.
The final flight from Cape Canaveral of the Delta IV Heavy and of the Delta rocket family took place in April 2024 carrying the NROL-70 mission.
Delta Cryogenic Second Stage
The upper stage of the Delta IV was the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage (DCSS). The DCSS was based on the Delta III upper stage but has increased propellant capacity. Two versions have been produced: a diameter DCSS that was retired with the Delta IV Medium and a diameter DCSS that remains in service with the Delta IV Heavy. The 4 m diameter version lengthened both Delta III propellant tanks, while the 5-meter version has an extended diameter liquid hydrogen tank and a further lengthened liquid oxygen tank. Regardless of the diameter, each DCSS was powered by one RL10B-2 engine, with an extendable carbon-carbon nozzle to improve specific impulse. Two different interstages were used to mate the first stage and DCSS. A tapering interstage that narrowed down from 5 m to 4 m diameter was used to mate the 4 m DCSS to the CBC, while a cylindrical interstage was used to mate the 5 m DCSS. Both interstages were built from composites and enclosed the liquid oxygen tank, with the larger liquid hydrogen tank making up part of the vehicle's outer mold line.
Launch sites
Delta IV launched from either of two rocket Launch pad. Launches on the East coast of the United States used Space Launch Complex 37 (SLC-37) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. On the West coast, polar-orbit and high-inclination launches used Vandenberg Space Force Base's Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6).
Vehicle processing
Delta IV CBCs and DCSSs were assembled at ULA's factory in Decatur, Alabama. They were then loaded onto the RS RocketShip, a roll-on/roll-off cargo ship, and shipped to either launch pad. There, they were offloaded and rolled into a HIF. For Delta IV Medium launches, the CBC and DCSS were mated in the HIF. For Delta IV Heavy launches, the port and starboard strap-on CBCs were also mated in the HIF.
Launch history
The 45 Delta IV launches consist of 3 Delta IV Medium, 36 Medium+, and 16 Heavy.
1 November 20, 2002
22:39Medium+ (4,2) 293 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B Eutelsat W5 Commercial communications satellite GTO First Delta IV launch. 2 2003-03-11
00:59Medium 296 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-167 (DSCS-3 A3) Military communications satellite GTO First Delta IV Medium launch.
First USAF EELV mission3 2003-08-29
23:13Medium 301 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-170 (DSCS-3 B6) Military communications satellite GTO 4 2004-12-21
21:50Heavy 310 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B DemoSat / 3CS-1 / 3CS-2 Demonstration payload GSO (planned) 5 2006-05-24
22:11Medium+ (4,2) 315 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B GOES 13 (GOES-N) Weather satellite GTO 6 2006-06-28
03:33Medium+ (4,2) 317 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-184 (NROL-22) Spy satellite Molniya orbit First Delta IV launch from Vandenberg. 7 2006-11-04
13:53Medium 320 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-192 (DMSP F17) Military weather satellite SSO First Delta IV launch into a LEO/SSO, last flight of Delta IV Medium. 8 2007-11-11
01:50Heavy 329 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-197 (DSP-23) Missile warning satellite GSO First Delta IV launch contracted by United Launch Alliance.
Launch delayed due to damage to launch pad caused by a liquid oxygen leak.9 2009-01-18
02:47 Heavy 337 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-202 (NROL-26) Reconnaissance satellite GSO 10 2009-06-27
22:51Medium+ (4,2) 342 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B GOES 14 (GOES-O) Weather satellite GTO 11 2009-12-06
01:47Medium+ (5,4) 346 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-211 (WGS-3) Military communications satellite GTO First Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) launch. 12 2010-03-04
23:57Medium+ (4,2) 348 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B GOES 15 (GOES-P) Weather satellite GTO 13 2010-05-28
03:00Medium+ (4,2) 349 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-213 (GPS IIF-1) Navigation Satellite MEO 14 2010-11-21
22:58Heavy 351 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-223 (NROL-32) Reconnaissance satellite GSO 15 2011-01-20
21:10Heavy 352 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-224 (NROL-49) Reconnaissance satellite LEO First Delta IV Heavy launch from Vandenberg.
16 2011-03-11
23:38Medium+ (4,2) 353 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-227 (NROL-27) Reconnaissance satellite GTO 17 2011-07-16
06:41Medium+ (4,2) 355 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-232 (GPS IIF-2) Navigation Satellite MEO 18 2012-01-20
00:38Medium+ (5,4) 358 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-233 (WGS-4) Military communications satellite GTO 19 2012-04-03
23:12Medium+ (5,2) 359 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-234 (NROL-25) Reconnaissance satellite LEO First flight in the Medium+ (5,2) version. 20 2012-06-29
13:15Heavy 360 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-237 (NROL-15) Reconnaissance satellite GSO First flight of the RS-68A engine. 21 2012-10-04
12:10Medium+ (4,2) 361 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-239 (GPS IIF-3) Navigation Satellite MEO Upper stage (DCSS) anomaly caused by fuel leak, payload still reached planned orbit. 22 2013-05-25
00:27Medium+ (5,4) 362 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-243 (WGS-5) Military communications satellite GTO 23 2013-08-08
00:29Medium+ (5,4) 363 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-244 (WGS-6) Military communications satellite GTO 24 2013-08-28
18:03Heavy 364 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-245 (NROL-65) Reconnaissance satellite LEO 25 2014-02-21
01:59Medium+ (4,2) 365 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-248 (GPS IIF-5) Navigation Satellite MEO 26 2014-05-17
00:03Medium+ (4,2) 366 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-251 (GPS IIF-6) Navigation Satellite MEO 27 2014-07-28
23:28Medium+ (4,2) 368 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B AFSPC-4 (GSSAP #1/2 and ANGELS) (USA-253/254/255) Space surveillance and technology demonstrator GEO First use of secondary payload adapter on a Delta rocket. 28 2014-12-05
12:05Heavy 369 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B Orion MPCV EFT-1 Uncrewed Capsule Test Flight MEO 29 2015-03-25
18:36Medium+ (4,2) 371 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-260 (GPS IIF-9) Navigation Satellite MEO Final launch with baseline RS-68 engine. 30 2015-07-24
00:07Medium+ (5,4) 372 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-263 (WGS-7) Military communications satellite GTO 31 2016-02-10
11:40Medium+ (5,2) 373 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-267 (NROL-45) Reconnaissance satellite LEO 32 2016-06-11
17:51Heavy 374 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-268 (NROL-37) Reconnaissance satellite GSO 33 2016-08-19
04:52Medium+ (4,2) 375 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B AFSPC-6 (GSSAP #3/4) (USA-270/271) Space surveillance GEO 34 2016-12-07
23:53Medium+ (5,4) 376 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-272 (WGS-8) Military communications satellite GTO 35 2017-03-19
00:18Medium+ (5,4) 377 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-275 (WGS-9) Military communications satellite GTO 36 2018-01-12
22:11Medium+ (5,2) 379 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-281 (NROL-47) Reconnaissance satellite LEO Final flight of Delta IV M+ (5,2) variant. 37 2018-08-12
07:31Heavy 380 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B Parker Solar Probe Solar Probe Heliocentric First use of Delta IV Heavy with Star 48BV third stage (9255H). 38 2019-01-19
19:10Heavy 382 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA-290 (NROL-71) Reconnaissance satellite LEO 39 2019-03-16
00:26Medium+ (5,4) 383 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-291 (WGS-10) Military communications satellite GTO Final flight of Delta IV M+ (5,4) variant. 40 2019-08-22
13:06Medium+ (4,2) 384 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-293 (GPS III-2) Navigation Satellite MEO Final flight of the Delta IV Medium and the Delta IV M+ (4,2) variant. 41 2020-12-11
01:09Heavy 385 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-311 (NROL-44) Reconnaissance satellite GSO 42 2021-04-26
20:47Heavy 386 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA 314 (NROL-82) Reconnaissance satellite LEO 43 2022-09-24
22:25Heavy 387 Vandenberg, SLC-6 USA 338 (NROL-91) Reconnaissance satellite LEO Final flight of Delta IV from VSFB 44 2023-06-22
09:18Heavy 388 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-345 (NROL-68) Reconnaissance satellite GSO 45 2024-04-09
16:53Heavy 389 Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B USA-353 (NROL-70) Reconnaissance satellite GSO Final flight of the Delta IV rocket and of the whole Delta rocket family.
Delta family launches by decade
Delta IV launches by configuration
Notable launches
The first payload launched with a Delta IV was the Eutelsat W5 communications satellite. A Medium+ (4,2) from Cape Canaveral carried the communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) on November 20, 2002.
See also
Notes
External links
|
|
